The transition to Phase Two of the Comprehensive Plan to End the Gaza Conflict, following the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 2803 (2025), has brought renewed focus to the proposed International Stabilization Force (ISF). While the resolution authorizes the ISF as a central operational pillar of the next phase, significant uncertainty remains around its mandate, composition, sequencing, and relationship to emerging Palestinian governance arrangements.
This issue brief examines the conditions under which the ISF could contribute to stabilization rather than exacerbate political and security risks. Drawing on IPI-led consultations and off-the-record discussions with regional actors, UN officials, member states, and Israeli and Palestinian experts, the brief unpacks key challenges related to anchoring stabilization in a credible political horizon, clarifying the division of labor among international and local actors, and sequencing deployment alongside Israeli withdrawal, Palestinian policing, and reconstruction.
The brief surfaces critical questions for policymakers on mandate design, coordination, risk management, and legitimacy. It underscores that the ISF’s effectiveness will depend on its integration into a broader political framework, meaningful Palestinian participation, and clear benchmarks linking stabilization to a durable political process.
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La Cour criminelle de première instance de Dar El-Beïda a condamné, ce lundi, un repris de justice âgé de 30 ans, identifié par les initiales […]
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Written by Tim Peters and Jakub Przetacznik with Silke Maes.
On 18 December 2025, the European Council agreed to a €90 billion loan to Ukraine to cover the country’s financial needs in the years 2026 and 2027. The European Commission has subsequently presented three legislative proposals to implement the European Council’s decision: (i) a proposal for a €90 billion Ukraine Support Loan financed by the EU except for Czechia, Hungary and Slovakia; (ii) a proposal to amend the Ukraine Facility to use it for the disbursement of the new loan; and (iii) a proposal to amend the EU’s multiannual financial framework to use it as a guarantee for the loan, and to finance the grants used for the borrowing cost subsidy.
The loan will be financed through EU borrowing on the capital markets backed by the EU budget’s headroom. The EU budget will pay for the interest rates and other associated costs for Ukraine.
While €30 billion of the loan are meant to support the Ukrainian budget, €60 billion will be used to strengthen Ukraine’s defence capabilities. The Commission proposal stipulates that defence products financed from the loan should, in principle, originate from the EU, European Economic Area, European Free Trade Area and Ukraine. Only if products are not available there, or cannot be delivered fast enough, can products from other third countries be bought.
In the past, Article 41(2) of the Treaty on European Union had been seen as an obstacle to financing weapons and military equipment from the EU budget. However, as the proposed Ukraine Support Loan is based on Article 212 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the rules on the EU’s common foreign and security policy do not apply.
Legislative ProposalsRead the complete study on ‘EU support for Ukraine for 2026-2027‘ in the Think Tank pages of the European Parliament.
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